GRB 221009A

Observation Date (UT)	Observation Lat
	ARGO-YBJ (30.11) ASTRI Mini-Array (28.3) CANGAROO (-31.10 ) CAT (42.50) Crimea (45) CTA pSCT (31.68) CTA South (-24.6272) Durham (-30.48) FACT (28.76) H.E.S.S. (-23.16) HAGAR (30) HAWC (19.0) HEGRA (28.76) LHAASO (29.358) LST-1 (28.76) MACE (32.78) MAGIC (28.76) Milagro (35.88 ) Potchefstroom (-26.9) TACTIC (24.6) TAIGA (103.07) Telescope Array (39.3) Tibet (30.11) VERITAS (31.68) Whipple (31.68)

Canonical Name:	GRB 221009A
TeVCat Name:	TeV J1913+198
Other Names:	Swift J1913.1+1946
Source Type:	GRB
R.A.:	19 13 03 (hh mm ss)
Dec.:	+19 48 09 (dd mm ss)
Gal Long:	52.98 (deg)
Gal Lat:	4.34 (deg)
Distance:	z=0.151
Flux:	(Crab Units)
Energy Threshold:	GeV
Spectral Index:
Extended:	No
Discovery Date:	2022-10
Discovered By:	LHAASO
TeVCat SubCat:	Default Catalog

Source Notes:

Detection Details:

The detection of VHE emission from this GRB was announced in GCN Circular
by Huang et al. on behalf of the LHAASO Collaboration (2022):
- "GRB 221009A is detected by LHAASO-WCDA at energy above 500 GeV,
centered at RA = 288.3, Dec = 19.7 within 2000 seconds after T0, with
the significance above 100 s.d., and is observed as well by
LHAASO-KM2A with the significance about 10 s.d., where the energy of
the highest photon reaches 18 TeV."

This represents the first detection of photons above 10 TeV from GRBs.

More details on this GRB can be found here.

Important information about the Fermi LAT data can be found here.

Source Position:
The position given in TeVCat was reported by Dichiara et al. (2022):
- R.A. (J2000): 19h 13m 03s
- Dec. (J2000): +19d 48' 09"

Distance:

The redshift given in TeVCat was reported by de Ugarte Postigo et al. (2022):
- "We detect a very red continuum with absorption features that
correspond to CaII, CaI and NaID at a redshift of z = 0.151. We also
detect multiple features due to the Milky Way’s interstellar medium,
due to the large Galactic column density of material along this line
of sight. At this redshift the event has an isotropic equivalent
energy of Eiso=2x10^54 erg (using the GBM fluence reported in GCN 32642),
barring saturation effects in the Fermi/GBM fluence. This is within
the upper end of GRB energetics. Further follow-up is strongly
encouraged."

Classification:
From Veres et al. on behalf of the Fermi GBM Team (2022):
- "The GBM light curve consists of an initial ~10 s long pulse,
followed by an extraordinarily bright episode at ~180 s after the
trigger time, lasting at least 100 seconds."

Spectral Properties:

From Pillera et al. on behalf of the Fermi-LAT Team (2022):
- "The 100 MeV - 1 GeV photon flux in the time interval 200-800 s
after the GBM trigger is (6.2 +/- 0.4)E-03 ph/cm2/s. The estimated
photon index above 100 MeV is -1.87 +/- 0.04."

Temporal Properties:
From Pillera et al. on behalf of the Fermi-LAT Team (2022):
- "The LAT lightcurve shows a bright structured emission episode which
is temporally coincident with the GBM main emission episode starting
at T0+200s."

Energetics:

From Huang et al. on behalf of the LHAASO Collaboration (2022):
- "GRB 221009A is detected by LHAASO-WCDA at energy above 500 GeV,
centered at RA = 288.3, Dec = 19.7 within 2000 seconds after T0, with
the significance above 100 s.d., and is observed as well by
LHAASO-KM2A with the significance about 10 s.d., where the energy of
the highest photon reaches 18 TeV."

From Pillera et al. on behalf of the Fermi-LAT Team (2022):
- "The highest-energy photon is 99.3 GeV (with a probability of 99.2%)
which is observed 240 seconds after the GBM trigger. This represents
the highest GRB photon energy ever detected by Fermi-LAT (the previous
record holder being a 95 GeV event from GRB 130427A)."


Seen by: LHAASO

• Two-component jet model for the afterglow emission of GRB 201216C and GRB 221009A and implications for jet structure of very-high-energy gamma-ray bursts
  Sato, Yuri et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2502.19051 (2025) [LINK]
  
• Superluminal Dark Photons as a Solution to the GRB 221009A Anomaly
  Valamontes, Antonios et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2503.16253 (2025) [LINK]
  
• Spreading and multi-wavelength emissions of an ultra-narrow relativistic jet from GRB 221009A
  Geng, Jin-Jun et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2503.17765 (2025) [LINK]
  
• TeV Afterglow of BOAT GRB without Jet Break
  Kusafuka, Yo and Asano, Katsuaki, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2502.01437 (2025) [LINK]
  
• Carpet-3 detection of a photon-like air shower with estimated primary energy above 100 TeV in a spatial and temporal coincidence with GRB 221009A
  Dzhappuev, D.D. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2502.02425 (2025) [LINK]
  
• TeV afterglow emission from a multi-component GRB jet using the kinetic approach
  Hope, John P. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2501.09093 (2025) [LINK]
  
• Multiwavelength Afterglow Analysis of GRB 221009A: Unveiling the Evolution of a Cooling Break in a Wind-like Medium
  Tak, Donggeun et al., ApJ 978 p29 (2025) [LINK]
  
• Measuring the curvature of the universe based on the dust-scattering ring of GRB 221009A
  Shen, Jun-Yi and Zou, Yuan-Chuan, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.16763 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Lepto-Hadronic Scenarios for TeV Extensions of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Spectra
  Klinger, Marc et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2403.13902 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Direct evidence for preburst stage of gamma-ray burst from GRB 221009A data
  Liu, Qing et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.12243 (2024) [LINK]
  
• On the External Inverse Compton Scattering off the Prompt Emission in GRB 221009A
  Dai, Cui-Yuan et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.06138 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Origin of TeV Emission in GRB 221009A: Co-effort of the External Reverse and Forward Shocks
  Chen, Zhi-Lin et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.04747 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Search for neutrino emission from GRB 221009A using the KM3NeT ARCA and ORCA detectors
  Aiello, S. et al., jcap 2024 p006 (2024) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: the B.O.A.T Burst that Shines in Gamma Rays
  Axelsson, M. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2409.04580 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Relation between the keV & MeV and TeV Emission of GRB 221009A and Its Implications
  Zhang, Yan-Qiu et al., ApJ 972 pL25 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Observation of spectral lines in the exceptional GRB 221009A
  Zhang, Yan-Qiu et al., Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy 67 p289511 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Stringent Tests of Lorentz Invariance Violation from LHAASO Observations of GRB 221009A
  The LHAASO collaboration, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2402.06009 (2024) [LINK]
  
• A Detectable Ultra-high-energy Cosmic-Ray Outburst from GRB 221009A
  He, Hao-Ning et al., ApJ 963 p109 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Investigating Polarization characteristics of GRB200503A and GRB201009A
  Saraogi, Divita et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2411.00410 (2024) [LINK]
  
• X-ray and gamma-ray timing of GRB 180720B, GRB 181222B, GRB 211211A and GRB 220910A observed with Fermi and ASIM
  Caballero-Garcia, M.D. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2411.18243 (2024) [LINK]
  
• On the origin of the gamma-ray burst GRB221009A
  Navia, Carlos et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.18131 (2024) [LINK]
  
• A Neutron Capture Explanation for the 10 MeV Emission Line Seen in GRB 221009A
  Zhu, Jiahuan et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.13369 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Self-organized critical characteristics of TeV-photons from GRB 221009A
  Zhang, Wen-Long et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2412.16052 (2024) [LINK]
  
• GRB multi-TeV detection: Beyond standard physics?
  Galanti, Giorgio et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2412.19320 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Hint at an axion-like particle from GRB 221009A
  Galanti, Giorgio et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2412.21175 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Late-time HST and JWST Observations of GRB 221009A: Evidence for a Break in the Light Curve at 50 Days
  Sears, Huei et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2412.02663 (2024) [LINK]
  
• SIRI-2 Detection of the Gamma-ray Burst 221009A
  Mitchell, Lee J. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2412.09476 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Dark matter interpretation of GRB 221009A: a singlet scalar explains LHAASO data
  Peyman Zakeri, S., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2410.04742 (2024) [LINK]
  
• Axion-photon conversion of GRB221009A
  Wang, Luohan and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2304.01819 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Soft Gamma-Ray Spectral and Time evolution of the GRB 221009A: prompt and afterglow emission with INTEGRAL/IBIS-PICsIT
  Rodi, James and Ubertini, Pietro, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.16943 (2023) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: Spectral signatures based on ALPs candidates
  Avila Rojas, D. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2305.05145 (2023) [LINK]
  
• A structured jet explains the extreme GRB 221009A
  O'Connor, B. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.07906 (2023) [LINK]
  
• The brightest GRB ever detected: GRB 221009A as a highly luminous event at z = 0.151
  Malesani, D.B. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.07891 (2023) [LINK]
  
• The first JWST spectrum of a GRB afterglow: No bright supernova in observations of the brightest GRB of all time, GRB 221009A
  Levan, A.J. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.07761 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Implication of GRB 221009A: Can TeV Emission Come from the GRB Prompt Phase?
  Wang, Kai et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.11111 (2023) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A, The BOAT
  Burns, Eric et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.14037 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Insight-HXMT and GECAM-C observations of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A
  An, Zheng-Hua et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.01203 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Synchrotron Radiation Dominates the Extremely Bright GRB 221009A
  Yang, Jun et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.00898 (2023) [LINK]
  
• First Detection of the Powerful Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A by the THEMIS ESA and SST Particle Detectors on 2022 October 9
  Agapitov, O.V. et al., ApJ 948 pL21 (2023) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A Afterglow from a Shallow Angular Structured Jet
  Gill, Ramandeep and Granot, Jonathan, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2304.14331 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Constraint on intergalactic magnetic field from Fermi/LAT observations of the ``pair echo'' of GRB 221009A
  Vovk, Ie. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2306.07672 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Constraints on the intergalactic magnetic field strength from gamma-ray observations of GRB 221009A
  Huang, Yi-Yun et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2306.05970 (2023) [LINK]
  
• A tera-electronvolt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst 221009A
  LHAASO Collaboration, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2306.06372 (2023) [LINK]
  
• First constraints on the strength of the extragalactic magnetic field from gamma-ray observations of GRB 221009A
  Dzhatdoev, Timur A. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2306.05347 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Revisiting Lorentz invariance violation from GRB 221009A
  Li, Hao and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2306.02962 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Very high-energy gamma-ray emission beyond 10 TeV from GRB 221009A
  Cao, Zhen et al., Science Advances 9 peadj2778 (2023) [LINK]
  
• A bright megaelectronvolt emission line in gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A
  Edvige Ravasio, Maria et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.16223 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Probing gamma-ray burst afterglows with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
  Mondal, Tanima et al., MNRAS 522 p5690-5700 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Precise Measurements of Self-absorbed Rising Reverse Shock Emission from Gamma-ray Burst 221009A
  Bright, Joe S. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.13583 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Light scalar explanation for 18 TeV GRB 221009A
  Balaji, Shyam et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2301.02258 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Limits on Neutrino Emission from GRB 221009A from MeV to PeV using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
  Abbasi, R. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.05459 (2023) [LINK]
  
• The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A
  Laskar, Tanmoy et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2302.04388 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Probing gamma-ray bursts observed at very high energies through their afterglow
  Guarini, Ersilia et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2301.10256 (2023) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A, its precursor and two afterglows in the Fermi data
  Stern, B. and Tkachev, I., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.03855 (2023) [LINK]
  
• A Sensitive Search for Supernova Emission Associated with the Extremely Energetic and Nearby GRB 221009A
  Srinivasaragavan, Gokul P. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.12849 (2023) [LINK]
  
• H.E.S.S. follow-up observations of GRB221009A
  H.E.S.S. Collaboration et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.10558 (2023) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: An ordinary nearby GRB with extraordinary observational properties
  Lan, Lin et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.10804 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Jitter Mechanism as a Kind of Coherent Radiation: Constrained by the GRB 221009A Emission at 18 TeV
  Mao, Jirong and Wang, Jiancheng, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.14398 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow
  Lesage, S. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2303.14172 (2023) [LINK]
  
• Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray signature in GRB 221009A
  Das, Saikat and Razzaque, Soebur, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.13349 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: Redshift from X-shooter/VLT
  de Ugarte Postigo, A. et al. on behalf of the Stargate collaboration, GCN CIRCULAR 32648 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Axion-photon conversion of LHAASO multi-TeV and PeV photons
  Zhang, Guangshuai and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.13120 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Measurement of the ~10e-16 Gauss inter-galactic magnetic field with high energy emission of GRB 221009A
  Xia, Zi-Qing et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.13052 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: a potential source of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
  Alves Batista, Rafael, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.12855 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Light speed variation from GRB 221009A
  Zhu, Jie and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.11376 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Possible Evidence for Lorentz Invariance Violation in Gamma-ray Burst 221009A
  Finke, Justin D. and Razzaque, Soebur, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.11261 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Standard physics is still capable to interpret 18 TeV photons from GRB 221009A
  Zhao, Zhi-Chao et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.10778 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Very High Energy Afterglow Emission of GRB 221009A: Lessons Learned from the Brightest Long Gamma-ray Burst in a Wind Environment
  Ren, Jia et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.10673 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Parameters of axion-like particles required to explain high-energy photons from GRB 221009A
  Troitsky, S.V., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.09250 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Interpretation of multi-TeV photons from GRB221009A
  Baktash, Ali et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.07172 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Lorentz invariance violation induced threshold anomaly versus very-high energy cosmic photon emission from GRB20221009A
  Li, Hao and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.06338 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Axion-like particles explain the very-high energy emission from GRB221009A
  Galanti, Giorgio et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.05659 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Swift J1913.1+1946 a new bright hard X-ray and optical transient
  Palmer, D. on behalf of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Team, GCN CIRCULAR 32632 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: Fermi GBM detection of an extraordinarily bright GRB
  Veres, P. on behalf of the Fermi GBM Team, GCN CIRCULAR 32636 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A or Swift J1913.1+1946: Fermi-LAT detection
  Bissaldi, E. on behalf of the Fermi-LAT team, GCN CIRCULAR 32637 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: Fermi-LAT refined analysis
  Pillera, R. et al. on behalf of the Fermi-LAT team, GCN CIRCULAR 32658 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• LHAASO observed GRB 221009A with more than 5000 VHE photons up to around 18 TeV
  Huang, Y. et al. on behalf of the LHAASO experiment, GCN CIRCULAR 32677 p1 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Model constraints based on the IceCube neutrino non-detection of GRB 221009A
  Ai, Shunke and Gao, He, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.14116 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Multi-messenger model for the prompt emission from GRB 221009A
  Rudolph, Annika et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2212.00766 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Multi-collision internal shock lepto-hadronic models for energetic GRBs
  Rudolph, Annika et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2212.00765 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Revisiting Tests of Lorentz Invariance with Gamma-ray Bursts: Effects of Intrinsic Lags
  Vardanyan, Valeri et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2212.02436 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Constraints on the Model of Gamma-ray Bursts and Implications from GRB 221009A: GeV gamma rays v.s. High-energy Neutrinos
  Liu, Ruo-Yu et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.14200 (2022) [LINK]
  
• External Inverse-Compton and Proton Synchrotron Emission from the Reverse Shock as the Origin of VHE Gamma-Rays from the Hyper-Bright GRB 221009A
  Zhang, B. Theodore et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.05754 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Assessment of ALP scenarios for GRB 221009A
  Galanti, Giorgio et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.06935 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Deciphering the ~18 TeV photons from GRB 221009A
  Sahu, Sarira et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.04057 (2022) [LINK]
  
• The Role of a Heavy Neutrino in the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB-221009A
  Cheung, Kingman, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.14178 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Expected Signature For the Lorentz Invariance Violation Effects on gamma-gamma Absorption
  Zheng, Y.G. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.01836 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Secondary GeV-TeV emission from ultra-high-energy cosmic rays accelerated by GRB 221009A
  Mirabal, Nestor, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.14243 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Neutrinos from the Brightest Gamma-Ray Burst?
  Murase, Kohta et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.15625 (2022) [LINK]
  
• A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A
  Hayes, Laura A. and Gallagher, Peter T., Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society 6 p222 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB 221009A: A light dark matter burst or an extremely bright Inverse Compton component?
  Gonzalez, M.M. et al., arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.15857 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Re-investigating stellar, solar and galactic spectral modulations: rapidly oscillating spacetime effects due to axions or numerical ghosts?
  Tamburini, Fabrizio and Licata, Ignazio, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2210.15983 (2022) [LINK]
  
• Ultra-high energy cosmic neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts
  Huang, Yanqi and Ma, Bo-Qiang, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.00231 (2022) [LINK]
  
• GRB221009A Gamma Rays from Radiative Decay of Heavy Neutrinos?
  Smirnov, Alexei Y. and Trautner, Andreas, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.00634 (2022) [LINK]
  
• On ALP scenarios and GRB 221009A
  Carenza, Pierluca and Marsh, M.C. David, arXiv e-prints parXiv:2211.02010 (2022) [LINK]
  

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